As Southeast Asia’s digital economy continues its rapid expansion, governments are adapting policies to balance innovation with responsible development. This 2nd edition of the Tech for Good Institute’s report on the The Evolution of Tech Governance in Southeast Asia-6 provides a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory and governance frameworks shaping the region’s digital future.
Building on our previous research, this report examines key policy trends, governance shifts, and country-specific developments across Southeast Asia’s digital economies. The report covers the six major digital economies, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam (collectively the SEA-6), as they navigate rapid digital transformation.
With contributions from country experts, this report offers in-depth insights into the evolving tech governance landscape. We recognize that digital governance will remain dynamic and continually evolve given the fast-paced nature of technological advancements and the unique regulatory approaches of each country. As a summary of 2024 developments, this report serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, researchers, and industry practitioners seeking to understand and engage with Southeast Asia’s digital regulatory frameworks.
Key Takeways:
Governments are shifting from rapid expansion to responsible digital development. The early mindset of “move fast and break things” has given way to a more measured approach as digital technologies become deeply embedded in society. In 2024, governments in Southeast Asia prioritised sustainable growth and trust in the digital ecosystem, particularly in response to the rapid adoption of artificial intelligence and evolving cyber threats. Regulatory clarity and interoperability have also become crucial in fostering long-term resilience and attracting investment.
Across the SEA-6, governments are implementing governance mechanisms to drive digital innovation while safeguarding users. Digital economy promotion focuses on maximising the economic potential of digital technologies across industries, while digital society protection emphasises inclusion, trust, and sustainability. These are most evident in the areas of artificial intelligence governance, cybersecurity and data protection, and promoting safety and trust.
Tech governance in the SEA-6 is shaped by each country’s stage of digital development, infrastructure capabilities, and legal frameworks. Divergences in approach are evident, particularly in regulatory approach. Some countries are starting to consider binding regulations while others adopt more flexible, principle-based guidelines. Indonesia, for instance, is considering a stricter, legally binding approach to AI governance, whereas other jurisdictions are thinking of voluntary guidelines. Implementation strategies also vary, especially in how ministries are structured to oversee digital governance.
As ASEAN moves toward finalising the Digital Economy Framework Agreement (DEFA) in 2025, policy alignment remains a key priority, requiring regulatory clarity at the national level. Progress can begin with targeted collaboration in AI, cybersecurity, data protection, and digital trust. While a region-wide approach is ideal, flexible arrangements such as bilateral and mini-lateral models—like ASEAN’s “2+X” or “ASEAN minus X” framework—allow Member States to pursue practical and manageable agreements first, with others joining when ready. By taking incremental steps, prioritising shared interests, and fostering cross-border cooperation, Southeast Asia can build a trusted, future-ready, and competitive digital ecosystem.
The goal of this paper is to serve as a starting point for meaningful conversations. Southeast Asia presents valuable opportunities for learning from each other’s experience in technology governance. This paper seeks to foster dialogue and collaboration in shaping effective and forward-looking regulatory frameworks. With the anticipated conclusion of the Digital Economy Framework Agreement (DEFA) negotiations later this year, this report also aims to identify common areas of convergence where tangible cooperation on regional interoperability can be advanced.
We welcome your feedback, especially with regard to any inaccuracies, omissions or obsolete information. Please do not hesitate to contact info@techforgoodinstitute.org.
